They aren't necessarily languages, flashbang. They stand for the countries they were released in primarly, then languages (which can also be countries).
(U) = USA\Canada\North America <-Usually just English
(E) = Europe <- often in multiple languages like French, Spanish, Italin, German, etc.
(J) = Japan <-Japanese
(I) = Italy <-Italian
(F) = France\Quebec(French Canadian) <-French
(S) = Spain <-Spanish
(C) = China <-Chinese
You get the idea.
There are two odd ones that aren't used often:
(pd) = Public Domain\homebrew
(x) = Not official release
When things are in square brackets like this [], they mean something else.
[b] = bad dump
[b1], [b2], [bn] = Beta #n
[!] = real dump, etc.
These aren't used as often but you will find them in some places.